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1 Castilian Spanish
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2 castilian
1. [kæʹstılıən] n1. кастилец; уроженец или житель Кастилии2. испанский литературный язык3. ист. испанская золотая монета2. [kæʹstılıən] aкастильский; относящийся к КастилииCastilian Spanish - а) литературный /кастильский/ язык; б) испанский язык Испании ( в отличие от латиноамериканского)
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3 castilian
1. [kæʹstılıən] n1. кастилец; уроженец или житель Кастилии2. испанский литературный язык3. ист. испанская золотая монета2. [kæʹstılıən] aкастильский; относящийся к КастилииCastilian Spanish - а) литературный /кастильский/ язык; б) испанский язык Испании ( в отличие от латиноамериканского)
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4 Castilian
кастилец;
уроженец или житель Кастилии испанский литературный язык( историческое) испанская золотая монета кастильский;
относящийся к Кастилии;
- * Spanish литературный /кастильский/ язык;
испанский язык Испании (в отличие от латиноамериканского)Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Castilian
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5 castellano
• Castilian• Spanish• Spanish language -
6 castellano
adj.Castilian.m.1 Spanish language, Castilian, Spanish, standard form of the Spanish language as spoken in Spain.2 Castilian, native or inhabitant of Castile.* * *► adjetivo1 Castilian► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (persona) Castilian1 (idioma) Castilian, Spanish————————1 (idioma) Castilian, Spanish* * *castellano, -a1.ADJ (Pol) Castilian; (Ling) Spanish2.SM / F Castilian3.SM (Ling) Castilian, SpanishCASTELLANO In the Spanish-speaking world castellano rather than español is a very common term for the Spanish language. Under the Spanish Constitution castellano is Spain's official language, but in some of the Comunidades Autónomas it shares official status with another language. Use of one or other term in Spain will depend on where the speaker is from, and where they place themselves in the linguistic debate.See:ver nota culturelle LENGUAS COOFICIALES in lengua,ver nota culturelle COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA in comunidadcastellanohablante* * *I II- na masculino, femenino1) ( persona) Castilian•• Cultural note:In Spain the term castellano, rather than español, refers to the Spanish language as opposed to Catalan, Basque etc. The choice of word has political overtones: castellano has separatist connotations and español is considered neutral. In Latin America castellano is another term for Spanish* * *I II- na masculino, femenino1) ( persona) Castilian•• Cultural note:In Spain the term castellano, rather than español, refers to the Spanish language as opposed to Catalan, Basque etc. The choice of word has political overtones: castellano has separatist connotations and español is considered neutral. In Latin America castellano is another term for Spanish* * *(de Castilla) Castilian; (español) Spanishmasculine, feminine1 (persona) Castilian2castellano (↑ castellano a1)In Spain the term castellano, rather than español, refers to the Spanish language as opposed to Catalan, Basque etc. The choice of word has political overtones: castellano has separatist connotations and español is considered centralist. In Latin America castellano is the usual term for Spanish.* * *
<e id="3401" st="s"> castellano 1◊ -na adjetivo ( de Castilla) Castilian;
( español) Spanish
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino ( persona) Castilian</e>
* * *castellano, -a♦ adjCastilian♦ nm,f[person] Castilian♦ nm[lengua] (Castilian) Spanish;las variedades del castellano habladas en América the varieties of Spanish spoken in Latin AmericaCASTELLANOCastellano (Castilian) is the official term for Spanish used in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, but “español” (Spanish) and “lengua española” (Spanish language) are often used when referring to Spanish as opposed to French, Italian or German, and also in linguistic or academic contexts. Elsewhere, the term “español” is often avoided because of its associations either with the former colonizing country (in the case of Latin America) or (in Spain) with the domination of Spanish over the other languages spoken in Spain (principally Catalan, Basque and Galician), especially as practised during the Bourbon monarchy in the 18th and 19th centuries and under Franco's dictatorship (1939-75).* * *I adj CastilianII m (Castilian) SpanishIII m, castellana f Castilian* * *castellano, -na adj & n: Castiliancastellano nmespañol: Spanish, Castilian (language)* * *castellano1 adj Castiliancastellano2 n1. (persona) Castilian2. (idioma) Castilian / Spanish -
7 castizo
adj.1 unmixed, original, pure.2 thoroughbred, pureblooded, pedigree, pure-blooded.* * *► adjetivo1 pure, authentic* * *ADJ1) (=tradicional) traditional2) (=auténtico) pure, authenticun aragonés castizo — a true-blue Aragonese, an Aragonese through and through
3) (Ling) pure, correct* * *- za adjetivoa) (puro, tradicional) <estilo/costumbre> traditionalb) ( típicamente castellano)un apellido muy castizo — a very Spanish/Castilian surname
un lenguaje muy castizo — very pure Castilian/Spanish
* * *- za adjetivoa) (puro, tradicional) <estilo/costumbre> traditionalb) ( típicamente castellano)un apellido muy castizo — a very Spanish/Castilian surname
un lenguaje muy castizo — very pure Castilian/Spanish
* * *castizo -za1 (puro, tradicional) ‹estilo› purecostumbres castizas traditional customsun torero castizo a bullfighter in the old style2 (de Madrid) of/from certain areas of Madrid3(típicamente castellano): un apellido muy castizo a very Spanish/Castilian surnameusa un lenguaje muy castizo he writes in very pure Castilian/Spanish* * *
castizo◊ -za adjetivo
b) ( típicamente castellano):◊ un lenguaje muy castizo very pure Castilian/Spanish
castizo,-a adjetivo pure, authentic
' castizo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
castiza
* * *castizo, -a adj1. [lenguaje, palabra] = derived from popular usage and considered linguistically pure2. [típico] [barrio, taberna] typical;es un andaluz castizo he's an Andalusian through and through* * *adj pure -
8 catalán
adj.Catalan, Catalonian, pertaining to Catalonia its people or their language.m.Catalan, Catalonian, native or inhabitant of Catalonia.* * *► adjetivo1 Catalan, Catalonian► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (persona) Catalan1 (idioma) Catalan————————1 (idioma) Catalan* * *catalán, -ana1.ADJ SM / F Catalan, Catalonian2.SM (Ling) CatalanCATALÁN Catalan is a romance language whose earliest literature dates back to the 12th century. In the Middle Ages Catalan military expansion spread the use of the language beyond modern Catalonia, but following the unification of Castile and Aragon the language lost ground to Castilian. During the Franco régime the use of Catalan and other minority national languages was prohibited in the media and in public institutions. This, together with the influx of Castilian-speaking immigrants, posed a threat to the survival of the language. Since 1979, when Catalonia's autonomous government, the Generalitat, was re-established and Catalan gained lengua cooficial status, the language has returned to public life in Catalonia and is flourishing. Indeed, many Catalan authors publish first in Catalan and only later in Castilian. Outside Catalonia, Catalan is also spoken by large numbers of people in the Balearic Islands and Andorra. Valenciano, a language spoken in the Valencia region, is closely related.See:ver nota culturelle LENGUAS COOFICIALES in lengua* * *I- lana adjetivo/masculino, femenino CatalanII •• Cultural note:The language of Catalonia. Like Castilian, Catalan is a Romance language. Variants of it include mallorquín of the Balearic Islands and valenciano spoken in the autonomous region of Valencia. Banned under Franco, Catalan has enjoyed a revival since Spain's return to democracy and now has around 11 million speakers. It is the medium of instruction in schools and universities and its use is widespread in business, the arts, and the media. Many books are published in Catalan. See also lenguas cooficiales* * *= Catalan, Catalonian.Ex. This article examines the training initiatives of institutions such as the Andalusian Libraries Association and the Catalan Society for Documentation and Information.Ex. One of the main arguments of Catalonians is that they are a different nation because they have a 'different' language and culture.* * *I- lana adjetivo/masculino, femenino CatalanII •• Cultural note:The language of Catalonia. Like Castilian, Catalan is a Romance language. Variants of it include mallorquín of the Balearic Islands and valenciano spoken in the autonomous region of Valencia. Banned under Franco, Catalan has enjoyed a revival since Spain's return to democracy and now has around 11 million speakers. It is the medium of instruction in schools and universities and its use is widespread in business, the arts, and the media. Many books are published in Catalan. See also lenguas cooficiales* * *= Catalan, Catalonian.Ex: This article examines the training initiatives of institutions such as the Andalusian Libraries Association and the Catalan Society for Documentation and Information.
Ex: One of the main arguments of Catalonians is that they are a different nation because they have a 'different' language and culture.* * *Catalan, Catalonian ( dated)masculine, feminine1 (persona) Catalan2The language of Catalonia. Like Castilian, Catalan is a Romance language. Variants of it include mallorquín (↑ Mallorca a1) of the Balearic Islands and valenciano (↑ valenciano a1) spoken in the autonomous region of Valencia.Banned under Franco, Catalan has enjoyed a revival since Spain's return to democracy and now has around 11 million speakers. It is the medium of instruction in schools and universities and its use is widespread in business, the arts, and the media. Many books are published in Catalan. See also lenguas cooficiales (↑ lengua a1).* * *
catalán 1◊ - lana adjetivo/ sustantivo masculino, femenino
Catalan
catalán 2 sustantivo masculino ( idioma) Catalan
catalán,-ana
I adjetivo & sustantivo masculino y femenino Catalonian
II sustantivo masculino (idioma) Catalan
' catalán' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
catalana
- Generalitat
- parecerse
- sardana
English:
Catalan
* * *catalán, -ana♦ adjCatalan, Catalonian♦ nm,f[persona] Catalan♦ nm[lengua] CatalanCATALÁNCatalan is one of several official languages in Spain other than Castilian Spanish. Like Spanish (“castellano”) and Galician (“gallego”), it developed from late Latin. It is spoken in Catalonia in northeastern Spain, and closely related languages are also spoken in the Balearic Islands (“mallorquín”) and the Valencian region (“valenciano”). Catalonia's economic development in the latter part of the 19th century encouraged a renaissance in the use of the language as a literary medium. During Franco's dictatorship (1939-75), Catalan was effectively banned for official purposes, but it continued to be used in everyday life as well as in literature. Since the return of democracy, Catalonia's regional government has promoted Catalan as the official language for use in education.* * *I adj CatalanII m, catalana f Catalan* * *catalán nm: Catalan (language)* * *catalán adj n Catalan -
9 castellana
adj.1 castilian.2 applied to a mule got by a jackass and a mare.3 applied to the foremost mule in a cart or wagon. (Provincial)f.lady of the castle, mistress of the castle, chatelaine.* * *
castellano,-a
I adjetivo Castilian
II sustantivo masculino y femenino (nativo) Castilian
III sustantivo masculino (idioma) Spanish, Castilian
* * *I adj CastilianII m (Castilian) SpanishIII m, castellana f Castilian -
10 Literature
The earliest known examples of literary writing in the Portuguese language is a collection of songbooks ( cancioneiros) that date from the 12th century, written by anonymous court troubadours, aristocrats, and clerics with poetic and musical talent. In the 13th and 14th centuries, ballads ( romanceiros) became popular at court. One of these written after the battle of Aljubarrota is considered to be the Portuguese equivalent of the English Arthurian legend. Literary prose in Portuguese began in the 14th century, with the compilation of chronicles ( chrónicos) written by Fernão Lopes de Castenhada who was commissioned by King Duarte (1430-38) to write a history of the House of Aviz.During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese chroniclers turned their attention to the discoveries and the Portuguese overseas empire. The Portuguese discoveries in India and Asia were chronicled by João de Barros, whose writing appeared posthumously under the pen name of Diogo Do Couto; Fernão Lopes de Castenhade wrote a 10-volume chronicle of the Portuguese in India. The most famous chronicle from this period was the Peregrinação (Pilgrimage), a largely true adventure story and history of Portugal that was as popular among 17th-century readers in Iberia as was Miguel de Cer-vantes's Don Quixote. Portugal's most celebrated work of national literature, The Lusiads ( Os Lusíadas), written by Luís de Camões chronicled Vasco da Gama's voyage to India (1497-99) within the context of the history of Portugal.During the period when Portugal was under Spanish domination (1580-1640), the preferred language of literary expression was Castilian Spanish. The greatest writer of this period was Francisco Manuel de Melo, who wrote in Castilian and Portuguese. His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the 1640 Catalan revolt against Castile, Historia de los Movimientos y Separación de Cata-luna (1645), which allowed the Portuguese monarchy to regain its independence that same year.Little of note was written during the 17th century with the exception of Letters of a Portuguese Nun, an enormously popular work in the French language thought to have been written by Sister Mariana Alcoforado to a French officer Noel Bouton, Marquise de Chamilly.Modern Portuguese writing began in the early 19th century with the appearance of the prose-fiction of João Baptista de Almeida Garrett and the historian-novelist Alexandre Herculano. The last half of the 19th century was dominated by the Generation of 1870, which believed that Portugal was, due to the monarchy and the Catholic Church, a European backwater. Writers such as José Maria Eça de Queirós dissected the social decadence of their day and called for reform and national renewal. The most famous Portuguese poet of the 20th century is, without doubt, Fernando Pessoa, who wrote poetry and essays in English and Portuguese under various names. António Ferro (1895-1956) published best-selling accounts of the right-wing dictatorships in Italy and Spain that endeared him to Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who made him the Estado Novo's secretary of national propaganda.The various responses of the Portuguese people to the colonial African wars (1961-75) were chronicled by António Lobo Antunes. In 1998, the noted Portuguese novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer, José Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer in the Portuguese language of whatever nationality to be so honored. His most famous novels translated into English include: Baltazar and Blimunda (1987), The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1991), and The History of the Siege of Lisbon (1996). -
11 castizo
castizo
◊ -za adjetivob) ( típicamente castellano):◊ un lenguaje muy castizo very pure Castilian/Spanish
castizo,-a adjetivo pure, authentic ' castizo' also found in these entries: Spanish: castiza -
12 castellà
1. Castilian / Spanish2. relating to es Castell or its peoplen1. (m) [LING] Spanish2. (m / f) (person / people) from es Castell -
13 испанский язык Испании
General subject: Castilian Spanish (в отличие от латиноамериканского)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > испанский язык Испании
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14 кастильский язык
General subject: Castilian Spanish -
15 литературный язык
1) General subject: Castilian Spanish, formal language2) Linguistics: standard language3) Advertising: literary language -
16 Spain
(ESP) Конфедерация (зона): UEFA Участие в чемпионатах мира ФИФА: 11 (1934, 1950, 1962, 1966, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002) Чемпионы мира: None Столица: Madrid Население: 39996671 (2000) Рейтинг по населению: 15 * Территория: 504782 Рейтинг по территории: 12 * Валовый внутренний продукт (ВВП) на душу населения: 18000 Рейтинг по ВВП: 11 * Официальный(ые) язык(и): Castilian Spanish (official) Catalan Валюта: Euro Основные города: La Coruna, Barcelona, Bilbao Национальный(ые) прадник(и): National Day, 12 October Глава государства: Juan Carlos I (King)/Jose Maria Aznar (President) Низшая точка: Atlantic Ocean (0 m) Высшая точка: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands (3,718 m) Место в рейтинге ФИФА (15 мая 2002 года): Примечание: Spain lies on the Iberian Peninsula, which is separated from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains. Состав команды Тренер: CAMACHO Jose Antonio /ESP, тренер/ Игроки: ALBELDA /ESP, полузащитник/, BARAJA /ESP, полузащитник/, CONTRERAS Pedro /ESP, вратарь/, CURRO TORRES /ESP, защитник/, DE PEDRO /ESP, полузащитник/, HELGUERA Ivan /ESP, полузащитник/, HIERRO Fernando /ESP, защитник/, IKER CASILLAS /ESP, вратарь/, JOAQUIN /ESP, полузащитник/, JUANFRAN /ESP, защитник/, LUIS ENRIQUE /ESP, полузащитник/, LUQUE Albert /ESP, нападающий/, MENDIETA Gaizka /ESP, полузащитник/, MORIENTES Fernando /ESP, нападающий/, NADAL /ESP, защитник/, PUYOL /ESP, защитник/, RAUL /ESP, нападающий/, RICARDO /ESP, вратарь/, ROMERO /ESP, защитник/, SERGIO /ESP, полузащитник/, TRISTAN Diego /ESP, нападающий/, VALERON Juan Carlos /ESP, полузащитник/, XAVI /ESP, защитник/ * Рейтинг среди 32-х команд-участниц "2002 FIFA World Cup" -
17 gallego
adj.Galician.m.Galician, native of Galicia.* * *► adjetivo1 Galician► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (persona) Galician1 (idioma) Galician————————1 (idioma) Galician* * *gallego, -a1. ADJ1) (=de Galicia) Galician2) LAm pey Spanish2. SM / F1) (=de Galicia) Galician2) LAm pey Spaniard3. SM1) (Ling) Galician2) (=viento) north-west windGALLEGO Gallego, a romance language dating back to the 12th century and closely related to Portuguese, is spoken by most of the inhabitants of Galicia. During the Franco régime, the use of Galician and other minority national languages was prohibited in the media and in public institutions. It has enjoyed lengua cooficial status alongside castellano since 1981. There are several dialects of the language and formal attempts to standardize them in the 1970s were unsuccessful. However, a standard form is now beginning to emerge naturally in the larger urban areas.See:ver nota culturelle LENGUAS COOFICIALES in lengua* * *I- ga adjetivoa) ( de Galicia) Galicianb) (AmL fam) ( español) SpanishII- ga masculino, femeninoa) ( de Galicia) Galicianb) (AmL fam) ( español) Spaniardc) gallego masculino (Ling) Galician•• Cultural note:The language of Galicia, spoken by around 3 million people. It is an official requirement for many official and academic positions, and a compulsory school subject. Galician, a Romance language close to Portuguese, was banned under Franco but with the return to democracy, it became an official language in Galicia beside Castilian. Nowadays there is Galician radio and television, and a considerable amount of publishing in the language. Galician has less social prestige than Catalan and Basque in their homelands. The middle classes have largely opted to use Castilian. See also lenguas cooficiales* * *I- ga adjetivoa) ( de Galicia) Galicianb) (AmL fam) ( español) SpanishII- ga masculino, femeninoa) ( de Galicia) Galicianb) (AmL fam) ( español) Spaniardc) gallego masculino (Ling) Galician•• Cultural note:The language of Galicia, spoken by around 3 million people. It is an official requirement for many official and academic positions, and a compulsory school subject. Galician, a Romance language close to Portuguese, was banned under Franco but with the return to democracy, it became an official language in Galicia beside Castilian. Nowadays there is Galician radio and television, and a considerable amount of publishing in the language. Galician has less social prestige than Catalan and Basque in their homelands. The middle classes have largely opted to use Castilian. See also lenguas cooficiales* * *1 (de Galicia) Galicianmasculine, feminineA1 (de Galicia) GalicianBThe language of Galicia, spoken by around 3 million people. It is an official requirement for many official and academic positions, and a compulsory school subject.Galician, a Romance language close to Portuguese, was banned under Franco but with the return to democracy, it became an official language in Galicia beside Castilian. Nowadays there is Galician radio and television, and a considerable amount of publishing.Galician has less social prestige than Catalan and Basque in their homelands. The middle classes have largely opted to use Castilian. See also lenguas cooficiales (↑ lengua a1).* * *
gallego 1◊ -ga adjetivo
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
gallego 2 sustantivo masculino ( idioma) Galician
gallego,-a
I adjetivo
1 Galician
2 LAm pey Spanish
II sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 Galician, native of Galicia
2 LAm pey Spaniard
III m (idioma) Galician
' gallego' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cepa
- gallega
English:
Galician
* * *gallego, -a♦ adj1. [de Galicia] Galician♦ nm,f1. [de Galicia] Galician♦ nm[lengua] GalicianGALLEGOGallego (“Galician”) is one of the four official languages spoken in Spain. It is spoken in the northwestern region of Galicia. Like Spanish and Catalan, it stems from late Latin, and it has many similarities to Portuguese in grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. For decades Galician was either banned or officially unrecognized, and as a consequence it was mainly spoken in traditional or rural areas. However, in recent times it has re-emerged with the support of the Galician nationalist movement and is being promoted as the official language for use in schools and education. Although many Galician-born authors have written mainly or exclusively in Spanish, one of Spain's greatest nineteenth century poets, Rosalía de Castro, wrote much of her poetry in Gallego. Today Galician is used by an increasing number of well-known authors, one of the best-known of whom is the poet and short story writer Manuel Rivas.* * *I adj1 Galician2 Rpl famSpanishII m, gallega f1 Galician2 Rpl famSpaniard* * *gallego, -ga adj1) : Galiciangallego, -ga n1) : Galician* * *gallego adj n Galician -
18 bable
m.Spanish dialect spoken in Asturias, Asturian, Asturian dialect.* * *1 Asturian dialect* * ** * *•• Cultural note:Or asturiano, bable is a variety of Castilian spoken in Asturias. It went into decline when the kingdom of Castile achieved political dominance and imposed Castilian on what became Spain. By the twentieth century it was confined to rural areas. With the revival of Spanish regional languages bable has seen a resurgence in use* * *•• Cultural note:Or asturiano, bable is a variety of Castilian spoken in Asturias. It went into decline when the kingdom of Castile achieved political dominance and imposed Castilian on what became Spain. By the twentieth century it was confined to rural areas. With the revival of Spanish regional languages bable has seen a resurgence in use* * *bable (↑ bable a1)Or asturiano, bable is a variety of Castilian spoken in Asturias. It went into decline when the kingdom of Castile achieved political dominance and imposed Castilian on what became Spain. By the twentieth century it was confined to rural areas.With the revival of Spanish regional languages Bable has seen a resurgence in use.* * *bable nm= Asturian dialect* * *m dialect of Asturias -
19 español
adj.Spanish.m.1 Spanish, Spanish language.2 Spaniard.3 Dago.* * *► adjetivo1 Spanish► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (persona) Spaniard1 (idioma) Spanish, Castilian————————1 (idioma) Spanish, Castilian* * *(f. - española)noun adj.* * *español, -a1.ADJ Spanish2.SM / F Spaniardlos españoles — the Spaniards, the Spanish
3.SM (Ling) Spanish* * *I- ñola adjetivo SpanishII- ñola masculino, femenino1) ( persona) (m) Spaniard, Spanish man; (f) Spaniard, Spanish womanlos españoles — the Spanish, Spaniards, Spanish people
* * *= Spanish, Spaniard.Ex. This subdivision requires that DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION be further modified to specify who did the discovering; for example, AMERICA-DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION, Spanish.Ex. By the 1920s a small number of Spaniards had settled in Chicago, attracted to the area by jobs in steel mills and other industries.* * *I- ñola adjetivo SpanishII- ñola masculino, femenino1) ( persona) (m) Spaniard, Spanish man; (f) Spaniard, Spanish womanlos españoles — the Spanish, Spaniards, Spanish people
* * *= Spanish, Spaniard.Ex: This subdivision requires that DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION be further modified to specify who did the discovering; for example, AMERICA-DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION, Spanish.
Ex: By the 1920s a small number of Spaniards had settled in Chicago, attracted to the area by jobs in steel mills and other industries.* * *Spanishmasculine, femininelos españoles the Spanish, Spaniards, Spanish people2* * *
español 1◊ - ñola adjetivo
Spanish
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino ( persona) (m) Spaniard, Spanish man;
(f) Spaniard, Spanish woman;
español 2 sustantivo masculino ( idioma) Spanish
español,-a
I adjetivo Spanish
II sustantivo masculino y femenino Spaniard
los españoles, the Spanish
III m (idioma) Spanish
' español' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abordar
- AVE
- bar
- dedo
- ELE
- española
- estanca
- estanco
- gracia
- gustar
- hablada
- hablado
- heredera
- heredero
- hispana
- hispano
- levante
- página
- pulir
- realmente
- spanglish
- castellano
- cuenta
- gallego
- gente
- hispanismo
- latino
- traducción
English:
A
- actually
- agree
- both
- consulate
- conversational
- do
- fuck
- her
- his
- it
- monitor
- pair
- piece
- polish up
- small
- soil
- Spanglish
- Spaniard
- Spanish
- the
- into
- on
* * *español, -ola♦ adjSpanish♦ nm,f[persona] Spaniard;los españoles the Spanish, Spaniards♦ nm[lengua] Spanish español peninsular peninsular Spanish* * *I adj SpanishII m idioma Spanishlos españoles the Spanish* * *: Spanish: Spaniardespañol nmcastellano: Spanish (language)* * *español1 adj Spanishespañol2 n1. (idioma) Spanish2. (person) Spaniard -
20 Spain
Portugal's independence and sovereignty as a nation-state are based on being separate from Spain. Achieving this on a peninsula where its only landward neighbor, Spain, is stronger, richer, larger, and more populous, raises interesting historical questions. Considering the disparity in size of population alone — Spain (as of 2000) had a population of 40 million, whereas Portugal's population numbered little over 10 million—how did Portugal maintain its sometimes precarious independence? If the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians succumbed to Castilian military and political dominance and were incorporated into greater Spain, how did little Portugal manage to survive the "Spanish menace?" A combination of factors enabled Portugal to keep free of Spain, despite the era of "Babylonian Captivity" (1580-1640). These include an intense Portuguese national spirit; foreign assistance in staving off Spanish invasions and attacks between the late 14th century and the mid l9th century, principally through the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance and some assistance from France; historical circumstances regarding Spain's own trials and tribulations and decline in power after 1600.In Portugal's long history, Castile and Leon (later "Spain," as unified in the 16th century) acted as a kind of Iberian mother and stepmother, present at Portugal's birth as well as at times when Portuguese independence was either in danger or lost. Portugal's birth as a separate state in the 12th century was in part a consequence of the king of Castile's granting the "County of Portucale" to a transplanted Burgundian count in the late 11th century. For centuries Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal struggled for supremacy on the peninsula, until the Castilian army met defeat in 1385 at the battle of Aljubarrota, thus assuring Portugal's independence for nearly two centuries. Portugal and its overseas empire suffered considerably under rule by Phillipine Spain (1580-1640). Triumphant in the War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68), Portugal came to depend on its foreign alliances to provide a counterweight to a still menacing kindred neighbor. Under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England (later Great Britain) managed to help Portugal thwart more than a few Spanish invasion threats in the next centuries. Rumors and plots of Spain consuming Portugal continued during the 19th century and even during the first Portuguese republic's early years to 1914.Following difficult diplomatic relations during Spain's subsequent Second Republic (1931-36) and civil war (1936-39), Luso-Span-ish relations improved significantly under the authoritarian regimes that ruled both states until the mid-1970s. Portugal's prime minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and Spain's generalissimo Francisco Franco signed nonaggression and other treaties, lent each other mutual support, and periodically consulted one another on vital questions. During this era (1939-74), there were relatively little trade, business, and cultural relations between the two neighbors, who mainly tended to ignore one another. Spain's economy developed more rapidly than Portugal's after 1950, and General Franco was quick to support the Estado Novo across the frontier if he perceived a threat to his fellow dictator's regime. In January 1962, for instance, Spanish army units approached the Portuguese frontier in case the abortive military coup at Beja (where a Portuguese oppositionist plot failed) threatened the Portuguese dictatorship.Since Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974, and the death of General Franco and the establishment of democracy in Spain (1975-78), Luso-Spanish relations have improved significantly. Portugal has experienced a great deal of Spanish investment, tourism, and other economic activities, since both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986.Yet, Portugal's relations with Spain have become closer still, with increased integration in the European Union. Portugal remains determined not to be confused with Spain, and whatever threat from across the frontier exists comes more from Spanish investment than from Spanish winds, marriages, and armies. The fact remains that Luso-Spanish relations are more open and mutually beneficial than perhaps at any other time in history.
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